烏克蘭草原灌溉條件下測定大豆蒸散量的模型評估

摘要：用于確定蒸散量 (ETc) 的 Penman-Monteith 方法的計算方程源自土壤表層能量平衡，ETc對ETo的依賴性反映了培養(yǎng)系數(shù)Kc。由于 Kc (FAO) 的值是標準氣候條件的典型值，被定義為亞濕潤氣候，因此有必要針對氣候較干燥的烏克蘭草原的條件評估該模型。因此，科學(xué)研究的目的是使確定 ETc“Penman-Monteith”蒸發(fā)量的計算方法適應(yīng)烏克蘭草原對大豆作物的灌溉條件。工作涉及進行短期現(xiàn)場實驗、普遍接受的分析研究方法；使用方差、相關(guān)、回歸和變分分析方法。使用數(shù)字互聯(lián)網(wǎng)氣象站 iMetos® 和多傳感器探頭 AquaSpy CTG-02 建立實際的大豆灌溉制度、ETo 的參考蒸散量、ETс 的蒸散量計算值和實際值。根據(jù)大田試驗結(jié)果，根據(jù)不同成熟度組大豆品種的主要發(fā)育階段，利用與標準條件的偏差，調(diào)整作物系數(shù)Kc。研究證實，烏克蘭草原灌溉條件下大豆的實際作物系數(shù) Kc 值不同于典型的 Kc (FAO)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在植物發(fā)育的初期和末期，Kc（FAO）高估了ETc蒸散量的實際值42.8%，而在中期，反而低估了4.2-11.5%。在標準條件下計算蒸散量時使用 Kc (FAO) 會導(dǎo)致大豆生長季節(jié)開始和結(jié)束時過度澆水，以及在植物發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵時期（“開始階段”）水分儲備不足。開花倒豆”）。建議今后使用“Penman-Monteith”方法確定ETс的實際蒸散量，并在此基礎(chǔ)上對大豆灌溉制度進行操作控制，同時考慮培養(yǎng)系數(shù)Kc的調(diào)整值。
 

The calculated equation of the Penman-Monteith method for determining evapotranspiration (ETc) is derived from the equation of energy balance of the soil surface, and the dependence of ETc on ETo reflects the culture coefficient Kc. Since the values of Kc (FAO) are typical values for standard climatic conditions, which are defined as sub-humid climate, it is necessary to evaluate this model for the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, whose climate is drier. Thus, the aim of scientific research was the adaptation of the calculation method for determining the evapotranspiration of the ETc “Penman-Monteith” to the irrigated conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine on the soybean crop. The work involved conduction of shortterm field experiments, generally accepted analytical research methods; the use of methods of variance, correlation, regression and  variational analysis. The actual soybean irrigation regime, the reference evapotranspiration of ETo, the calculated and actual values  of evapotranspiration of ETс were established using the digital Internet meteorological station iMetos® and the multisensor probe  AquaSpy CTG-02. Based on the results of the field experiment, the crop coefficient Kc was adjusted according to the main phases  of development of soybean varieties of different ripeness groups using deviations from standard conditions. The research confirms  that the value of the actual crop coefficient Kc for soybeans under irrigation conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine differs from the  typical Kc (FAO). It was found that at the initial and final stages of plant development, Kc (FAO) overestimates the actual values of  ETc evapotranspiration to 42.8%, and in the middle phase, on the contrary, underestimates by 4.2-11.5%. The use of Kc (FAO) in  the calculations of evapotranspiration for standard conditions leads to over-watering at the beginning and at the end of the growing  season of soybeans and a deficiency of moisture reserves in the critical period of plant development (phase “beginning of floweringpoured beans”). It is recommended to use the “Penman-Monteith” method in the future to determine the actual evapotranspiration  of ETс and operative control of the soybean’s irrigation regime on this basis, taking into account the adjusted values of the culture  coefficients Kc.
 

Pessl植物生理生態(tài)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)采集工作站可以將這些數(shù)據(jù)無線傳輸?shù)桨踩�的互�?lián)網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫上。該數(shù)據(jù)庫是優(yōu)秀的數(shù)據(jù)存儲和處理平臺。用戶獲得登錄密碼后，可以從世界任何地方的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端登錄并獲得這些數(shù)據(jù)、報告和圖表。測量的信息來源于傳感器所在的位置。使用者可以從網(wǎng)站上一個區(qū)域可輸入或修改閾值和電話號碼。操作無需專門軟件。
 

Pessl植物生理生態(tài)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)僅需要有效的GPRS協(xié)議用于數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，在站點所在處也需要網(wǎng)絡(luò)的充分覆蓋。該系統(tǒng)是一組多功能、模塊化配置的系統(tǒng)，運行完全免維護。該工作站采用太陽能充電電池。工作站可以連接多種傳感器。即插即用模式便于工作站擴展傳感器數(shù)目。