Criteria | Aptamers | Antibody |
Basic composition | Nucleotide (four members: A, G, T/U and C) | Amino acid (20 members) |
Materials | Nucleic acid (single-stranded DNA or RNA) | • Protein (polymer peptide) •Antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains |
Molecular weight and/or size | • 6–30kDa (20–100nt) • ~2nm |
• 150–180kDa • ~15nm |
Secondary structure | •Hairpin, stem, loop, bulge, G-quadruplex or kissing complex | • α-Helix and β-fold |
Binding pattern and/or mechanism of action |
• Surface recognition • Three-dimensional interactions via van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions similar to the way antibodies bind to antigen • Reversal of activity via complementary antidote oligonuclotides |
• Binding pocket (key and lock model) • Three-dimensional interaction; antibodies recognize epitopes located on the target antigen |
Affinity |
•High • Multivalent aptamers can confer increasing affinity and additional functions |
•High •Affinity between antibody and antigen depends on the number of identical epitopes on the target antigen |
Specificity |
•High • The aptamer is able to identify single point mutations and conformational isomers |
•High •Antigens may have multiple epitopes, which allow different antibodies to bind to the same antigen |
Potential targets |
•Wide range: ions, organic and inorganic molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, toxins, viral particles, whole cells, entire organs and live animals | • Limited to immunogenic molecules •No toxins or other molecules that do not cause strong immune responses |
Generation and discovery | • In vitro SELEX (2–15 selection rounds) • ~2–8 weeks •Aptamer can be selected in hours or days via high-throughput automated SELEX |
• In vivo biological system • ~6 months or longer |
Manufacturing and costs |
•Chemical solid-phase synthesis •Controllable and completely in vitro procedure • 2 days for milligrams; 2 weeks for grams •No or low risk of contamination • Facile regulatory affairs and cGMP • Low cost for DNA; high cost for long RNA (>60nt) with special modifications •Costs lowered with the development of new technology |
• In vivo (animal-based production) • Potential contamination due to cells or animal-based production • 3 months for 5–20 grams • From mammalian cells: high cost • From transgenic plants or animals: low cost |
Batch-to-batch variation | •None or low | • Significant |
Physical and thermal stability |
•Very stable and long shelf-life • Resistant to high temperature (even up to 95°C) and cycles of denaturation and renaturation •Aptamers can be lyophilized for long-term storage and transport at room temperature |
•Unstable and limited shelf-life • Susceptible to temperature (even at room temperature or 37°C) and irreversible denaturation • Requires refrigeration for storage and transport |
Chemical modification and conjugation |
•Convenient and controllable •Various types available, including sugar, backbone, base and other modifications •Aptamers can be rationally modified without loss of binding affinity |
• Restricted and uncontrollable • Limited types and chemical reactions • Stochastic modifications very likely to cause negative consequences, such as loss of activity |
Tissue uptake and penetration | • Faster |
• Slower |
Immunogenicity | •None or low immunogenicity | •High immunogenicity • Increased immune reaction with repeated dosing |
Nuclease degradation | •Vulnerable • Limited half-life in vivo (~10min for unmodified version) |
• Resistant and not affected by nucleases in vivo |
Kidney filtration |
• Faster • Short circulation time in vivo (~30min for unconjugated version) |
• Slower • Long circulation time (up to 1 month) |
Patents and distribution | • Exclusive patents in SELEX technology • Limited initial distribution |
• Expired protection or no early patents • More widespread distribution |
Development and market |
• The development pathway is less explored • Insufficient education and investment (R&D support) •Commercialization has focused on diagnostic-based aptamer products |
•Well-developed infrastructure •Abundant support from finance and education • Rapid and sustained increase in drug market share |
藥物名稱 | 性質(zhì) | 靶標(biāo) | 治療疾病 | 臨床階段 | 時間 | 研究單位 |
Pegaptanib | RNA | VEGF | AMD | 上市(現(xiàn)已退市) | 2004 | Eyetech/Pfizer公司 |
Zimura | RNA | C5 | AMD | Ⅰ期 | 2016 | Ophthotech公司 |
Fovista | DNA | PDGF | AMD | Ⅲ期 | 2016 | Ophthotech公司 |
AS1411 | DNA | 核仁蛋白 | 腎癌 | Ⅱ期 | 2008 | Antisoma研究中心 |
NOX-A12 | RNA | CXCL12 | CLL | Ⅰ期 | 2012 | NOXXON制藥公司 |
NOX-E36 | RNA | CCL2 | DN | Ⅰ期 | 2015 | NOXXON制藥公司 |
ARC1779 | DNA | VWF | TTP | Ⅱ期 | 2008 | Archemix公司 |
ARC19499 | RNA | TFPI | 血友病 | Ⅰ期 | 2010 | 維也納醫(yī)科大學(xué) |
NU172 | DNA | 凝血酶 | 心臟病 | Ⅱ期 | 2013 | ARCA生物制藥公司 |
REG1 | RNA | FIXa | 冠狀動脈疾病 | Ⅱ期 | 2007 | Regado生物科學(xué)公司 |
NOX-H94 | RNA | 鐵調(diào)素 | ACI | Ⅱ期 | 2013 | NOXXON制藥公司 |
生物基質(zhì) | 試驗類型 | 備注 |
血清/血漿 | 代謝穩(wěn)定性,血漿蛋白結(jié)合試驗 | 金屬螯合劑抗凝的血漿不適合代謝穩(wěn)定性研究。 |
肝S9 | 代謝穩(wěn)定性,代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定 | 肝S9一定程度上可以代替肝組織勻漿使用。 |
肝微粒體 | 代謝穩(wěn)定性 | 肝微粒體的核酸酶活性較低,可以根據(jù)實際情況進(jìn)行選擇。 |
肝組織勻漿 | 代謝穩(wěn)定性,代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定 | 酶體系比較全面,推薦用于Aptamer藥物的體外篩選評價。 |
肝細(xì)胞 | 代謝穩(wěn)定性,代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定 | 肝細(xì)胞酶體系最為完善,適用于肝靶向的Aptamer藥物研究。 |
溶酶體 |
代謝穩(wěn)定性 |
溶酶體具有豐富的酶體系,包括核酸酶和各種水解酶等,是研究Aptamer藥物代謝穩(wěn)定性的高效實驗體系。 |
類別 | 分類 |
亞細(xì)胞組分 |
肝溶酶體 |
酸化肝勻漿液 | |
肝/腸/腎/肺S9 | |
肝/腸/腎/肺微粒體 | |
肝/腸/腎/肺胞質(zhì)液 | |
原代肝細(xì)胞 | 懸浮肝細(xì)胞 |
貼壁肝細(xì)胞 | |
專屬血漿 | 血漿穩(wěn)定性 |
血漿蛋白結(jié)合 |