關(guān)于阿爾茨海默癥(Alzheimer’s disease, AD),人們或許會聯(lián)想到影視作品中上演的各種感人情節(jié),但現(xiàn)實比藝術(shù)要殘忍得多,其中酸楚,我們從熱議話題#他們會忘記愛也會忘記你#可以窺見一二。
當(dāng)前,阿爾茨海默癥獲批的部分藥物并無緩解疾病進程的作用。上一期「神經(jīng)疾病研究」系列文章中提到,研究人員通過構(gòu)建一系列AD動物模型,包括衰老類小鼠、Aβ誘導(dǎo)AD模型以及基因編輯等,用以模擬已知的病理特征進而了解其發(fā)病機制,點此回顧。今天我們針對基因編輯展開,一起盤點幾類重要的AD大小鼠模型:
另外,為正在從事神經(jīng)疾病相關(guān)研究的你
AD小鼠基因編輯模型
在現(xiàn)階段研究中,所使用到的AD小鼠基因編輯模型主要是將人類AD相關(guān)基因通過轉(zhuǎn)基因的手段轉(zhuǎn)入小鼠基因組中。目前相關(guān)文獻中使用頻率較高的小鼠模型依次是APP/PS1、Tg2576、3xTg-AD、5xFAD[1]。
該小鼠大約4月齡時可在皮質(zhì)中觀察到淀粉樣斑塊,6月齡可在海馬體中觀察到淀粉樣斑塊[2],淀粉樣斑塊沉積存在腦區(qū)差異,皮質(zhì)中的斑塊密度高于海馬體和杏仁核中的斑塊密度[3];Morris水迷宮中檢測出認(rèn)知缺陷在6到10個月間出現(xiàn),并隨著年齡增長而惡化[4]
Tg2576模型
App NL-G-F大鼠模型病理特征的時間分布[14]
神經(jīng)疾病小鼠模型推薦
不僅僅是阿爾茨海默癥,包括亨廷頓癥、漸凍癥等神經(jīng)退行性疾病的療法開發(fā)都依舊乏善可陳。針對此類神經(jīng)疾病,賽業(yè)生物開發(fā)了一系列基因編輯小鼠模型,同時針對研究人員的需求,也可定制或合作開發(fā)基因編輯小鼠模型,如基因敲除、基因敲入、點突變、人源化小鼠模型及大小鼠手術(shù)疾病模型,加速神經(jīng)藥效學(xué)驗證實驗的開展。
參考文獻
[1]Kosel F , Pelley J , Franklin T B . Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology[J]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2020, 112:634-647.
[2]Minkeviciene R, Ihalainen J, Malm T, Matilainen O, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Goldsteins G, Iivonen H, Leguit N, Glennon J, Koistinaho J, Banerjee P, Tanila H. Age-related decrease in stimulated glutamate release and vesicular glutamate transporters in APP/PS1 transgenic and wild-type mice. J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(3):584-94. PubMed.
[3]Minkeviciene R, Rheims S, Dobszay MB, Zilberter M, Hartikainen J, Fülöp L, Penke B, Zilberter Y, Harkany T, Pitkänen A, Tanila H. Amyloid beta-induced neuronal hyperexcitability triggers progressive epilepsy. J Neurosci. 2009 Mar 18;29(11):3453-62. PubMed.
[4]Minkeviciene R, Ihalainen J, Malm T, Matilainen O, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Goldsteins G, Iivonen H, Leguit N, Glennon J, Koistinaho J, Banerjee P, Tanila H. Age-related decrease in stimulated glutamate release and vesicular glutamate transporters in APP/PS1 transgenic and wild-type mice. J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(3):584-94. PubMed.
[5]https://www.jax.org/strain/005864
[6]Lanz TA, Carter DB, Merchant KM. Dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus of young PDAPP and Tg2576 mice and its prevention by the ApoE2 genotype. Neurobiol Dis. 2003 Aug;13(3):246-53. PubMed.
[7]Spires-Jones T , Knafo S . Spines, Plasticity, and Cognition in Alzheimer's Model Mice[J]. Neural Plasticity,2012,(2011-11-28), 2011, 2012(2090-5904):319836.
[8]Irizarry MC, McNamara M, Fedorchak K, Hsiao K, Hyman BT. APPSw transgenic mice develop age-related A beta deposits and neuropil abnormalities, but no neuronal loss in CA1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1997 Sep;56(9):965-73. PubMed.
[9]Billings LM, Oddo S, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM. Intraneuronal Abeta causes the onset of early Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. Neuron. 2005 Mar 3;45(5):675-88. PubMed.
[10]Billings LM, Oddo S, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM. Intraneuronal Abeta causes the onset of early Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. Neuron. 2005 Mar 3;45(5):675-88. PubMed.
[11]Richard BC, Kurdakova A, Baches S, Bayer TA, Weggen S, Wirths O. Gene Dosage Dependent Aggravation of the Neurological Phenotype in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45(4):1223-36. PubMed.
[12]Jawhar S, Trawicka A, Jenneckens C, Bayer TA, Wirths O. Motor deficits, neuron loss, and reduced anxiety coinciding with axonal degeneration and intraneuronal Aβ aggregation in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jan;33(1):196.e29-40. PubMed.
[13]Giannoni P, Arango-Lievano M, Neves ID, Rousset MC, Baranger K, Rivera S, Jeanneteau F, Claeysen S, Marchi N. Cerebrovascular pathology during the progression of experimental Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2016 Apr;88:107-17. Epub 2016 Jan 8 PubMed.
[14]Pang K, Jiang R, Zhang W, Yang Z, Li LL, Shimozawa M, Tambaro S, Mayer J, Zhang B, Li M, Wang J, Liu H, Yang A, Chen X, Liu J, Winblad B, Han H, Jiang T, Wang W, Nilsson P, Guo W, Lu B. An App knock-in rat model for Alzheimer's disease exhibiting Aβ and tau pathologies, neuronal death and cognitive impairments. Cell Res. 2022 Feb;32(2):157-175. Epub 2021 Nov 17 PubMed.